Breaking Down Stateful vs Stateless Design
(4 Minutes) | Why Stateless Systems Scale (and When Stateful Still Wins)
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Breaking Down Stateful vs Stateless Design
Stateless design is a powerful model that has led to the development of simple yet highly scalable and efficient applications.
“State” refers to stored information that systems use to process requests. This information can change over time as users interact with the application or as system events occur.
Before we dive into the specifics of stateless design, let’s take a look at the alternative—stateful applications.
What are Stateful Applications?
With stateful applications, client data such as user ID, session information, configurations, and preferences are stored to help process requests for a given user.
Depending on the functionality and requirements of the application, additional data may be saved, such as shopping cart information for an online store or transaction history for a FinTech service.
A stateful design allows applications to provide a personalized experience to their users while removing the need to share data across multiple requests.
For this reason, it is a popular approach for applications with user preferences such as streaming services and online games.
The Birth of Stateless Design
As applications grew in complexity and received increasing amounts of traffic, the limitations of stateful design became apparent.
Managing and maintaining session data adds significant performance overhead and complexity to a system.
This complexity made it difficult for systems to scale horizontally as sharing state across multiple instances becomes a challenge.
The rapid need for scalability and efficiency drove the popularity of stateless design.
Instead of having mechanisms for state management, requests contained all the information needed to process it.
This allowed systems to handle high levels of requests while adding flexibility to how the system scales, making it more resource efficient.
Use Cases for Stateless Design
Stateless design has risen in popularity due to its alignment with trends in modern computing such as serverless architecture and microservices.
One of the key principles behind microservices is that each service is stateless. This allows microservices to scale independently and ensures resource consumption stays efficient.
Serverless computing follows the same concept — each function is invoked independently.
Even applications that require session management can benefit from implementing a stateless design in components of their system.
For example, most RESTful APIs are stateless where each API call contains all necessary information.
Content delivery networks (CDNs) also follow a stateless design so that every request can be fulfilled by any server in the network without needing to sync session data between all servers or query a single session management store.
Disadvantages of Stateless Design
The size of requests can be considerably larger in stateless design.
Moreover, sending data across multiple requests can introduce significant inefficiencies that are far greater than the alternative of managing and querying this data from a central storage system.
It is important to note that stateless design should only be implemented for use cases that are truly stateless.
Although stateful design has its share of disadvantages, workarounds can add more complexity and fragility.
Final Thoughts
Most applications pick a hybrid approach between stateful and stateless design, depending on the needs and constraints of each component.
The key to a well-designed system is balance.
It should be scalable, simple, and fast without sacrificing functionality.
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